CHAPTER 1: The Human Organism

In this topic my classmates and I along with my teacher went over a list of things which include the following:

• The definition of anatomy
• The levels of study of anatomy
• The importance of the relationship between structure and function
• Physiology and its goals
• Characteristics of life
• Homeostasis
• Anatomical terminologies and the human plan.

Of course I would go over everything on this chapter how I understood all of this. :)
  1.1   ANATOMY is the study of the structures of the body.
  There are two approaches to the study of anatomy namely: Systemic and Regional Anatomy.
  Systemic Anatomy is the study of the body by organ systems while Regional Anatomy is the study of the body by areas.
  Surface anatomy uses superficial structures to locate deeper structures and anatomical imaging is a noninvasive method for examining deep structures.
*Hold up! Anatomical Imaging is done by using x-rays, magnetic resonance imaging and many other technologies.
FIY: Pregnant women often go to hospitals to have ultrasound imaging of their unborn children done to assess the fetus' health and in some cases sex. Cool huhn?
1.2 PHYSIOLOGY 
     Physiology is the study of the processes and functions of the body. If you want to know how exactly the kidneys work for instance, you could see someone with good knowledge of kidney physiology.
FIY: All individuals with intent of becoming medical practitioners of any sort must have first hand understanding of physiology.
1.3 STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF LIFE.
   The human body can be organized into six levels:Chemical, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism.

 The human body has eleven organ systems which work together under the right circumstances to sustain the life of the body which they form. These systems are the skeletal, integumentary, muscular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, urinary and reproductive systems. Sir Ho did review the general physiology of each of the organ systems.
1.4 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
The characteristics of life are organization as seen above, metabolism, responsivesness, growth, development and reproduction.
1.5 HOMEOSTASIS
Homeostasis is the condition in which body functions, body fluids, and other factors of the internal environment are maintained within a range of values suitable to support life. Homeostasis is maintained by two mechanisms which are the negative and positive feedback mechanisms.
Most body systems are regulated by negative feedback mechanisms, which maintain homeostasis. Negative means that any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted. It does not prevent variation but maintains variation within a normal range. Blood pressure is regulated by negative feedback mechanism.
1.6 TERMINOLOGY AND THE BODY PLAN
Body  Positions
1. A human standing erect with the face directed forward, the arms hanging to the sides, and the palms facing forward in the anatomical position.
2. A person lying face upward is supine and face downward is prone. 
Directional Terms
 These terms always refer to the anatomical position, regardless of the body's actual position.

Body Parts and Regions
1. The body can be divided into the head, neck, trunk, upper limbs and lower limbs.
2. The abdomen can be divided superficially into four quadrants or nine regions, which are useful for locating internal organs or describing the location of a pain.

Planes
1. The sagittal plane divided the body into left and right parts, a transverse plane divides the body into superior and inferior parts, and a frontal plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.

2. A longitudinal section divides an organ along its long axis, a transverse section cuts an organ at a right angle to the long axis, and an oblique section cuts across the long axis at an angle other than a right angle.

Body Cavities
1. The thoracic cavity is bounded by the ribs and diaphragm. The  mediastinum divides the thoracic cavity into left and right parts.
2. The abdominal cavity is bounded by the diaphragm and the abdominal  muscle.
3. The pelvic cavity is surrounded by the pelvic bones.